Enerji yoğunluğu

Enerji yoğunluğu birim hacim başına belirli bir sistemde saklanan enerji miktarıdır. Genelde, yalnızca kullanılabilir ya da elde edilebilir enerji miktarı göz önüne alınır. Bir başka deyişle, örneğin durağan kütlenin enerjisi ihmal edilir.^[1]

Yakıtlar için, birim hacim başına enerji kullanışlı bir parametredir. Örneğin, hidrojen yakıtı ile benzin kıyaslanırsa, hidrojen daha yüksek özgül enerjiye sahip iken, daha düşük enerji yoğunluğuna sahiptir (sıvı halde iken dahi).

Birim hacim başına enerji birimi, basınç ile aynı fiziksel birime sahiptir ve çoğu durumda bununla eşanlamlı olarak da kullanılabilir: örneğin, bir manyetik alanının enerji yoğunluğu basınç olarak ifade edilir.

Yakıt ve enerji depolamada enerji yoğunluğu

Enerji yoğunluğu değerleri

Enerji depolama uygulamalarinda enerji yogunlugu depo agirligi ile depo hacmini birbiri ile baglantilandirir, or. yakit tankinda. Yuksek enerji yogunluklu yakit ile, ayni hacim miktari için daha fazla enerji depo edilebilir ve tasinabilir. Bir yakitin birim kutle basina dusen enerji yogunlugu, yakitin ozgul enerjisi olarak tanimlanir.

Madde, kutlesi ile en buyuk enerji kaynagidir. Bu enerji, E=mc^2 formulu ile gosterilir (m=ρV; ρ maddenin yogunlugu; V kutlenin hacmi ve c isik hizidir.) Bu enerji ancak nukleer fizyon veya fuzyon ile serbest kalabilir. Nukleer tepkimeler ise kimyasal tepkimelere (or. yanma) benzetilemez.

Gercek enerji yogunluklari

Bu tablo This table gives the energy density of a complete system, including all required external components, such as oxidisers or heat sources. 1 MJ ≈ 0.28 kWh ≈ 0.37 HPh.

Energy Densities Table - Complete System

Depolama turu	Ozgul energy (MJ/kg)	Energy density (MJ/L)	Specific energy density (Pm·kg/s^4)	Peak recovery efficiency %	Practical recovery efficiency %
Indeterminate matter and antimatter	≈8.9876e10	5e25[2]	5e36
Deuterium-tritium fusion	576,000,000
Uranium-235 used in nuclear weapons	88,250,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor	86,000,000[3]
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light water reactor	3,456,000				30%
Pu-238 α-decay	2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer	1,326,000	17,649,060	2.340e13
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light water reactor	443,000				30%
Ta-180m isomer	41,340	689,964	2.852e10
Zip fuel	70
Specific orbital energy of low Earth orbit (approximate)	33
Beryllium and oxygen	23.9[4]
Lithium and fluorine	23.75
Octaazacubane (potential explosive)	22.9[5]
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed	9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive	8.5[6]	16.9[7]	144
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed	8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed	8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)	7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive	7[8]
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed	6.95
Ammonal (Aluminium and NH4NO3 oxidizer)	6.9	12.7	88
Tetranitromethane and hydrazine bipropellant - computed	6.6
Nitroglycerin	6.38[9]	10.2[10]	65.1
ANFO-ANNM	6.26
Octogen (HMX)	5.7[9]	10.8[11]	62
TNT [12]	4.610	6.92	31.9
Copper thermite (aluminium and CuO as oxidizer)	4.13	20.9	86.3
Thermite (powdered aluminium and Fe2O3 as oxidizer)	4.00	18.4	73.6
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)	2.7	3.8	10
Battery, lithium ion nanowire	2.54 (claimed)				95%[13]
Battery, lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2)[14]	2.5
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C	1.968	0.708	1.393
Kinetic energy penetrator	1.9	30	57
Battery, hydrogen closed-cycle fuel cell[15] Şablon:Smn	1.62
Hydrazine (toxic) decomposition (as monopropellant)	1.6	1.6	2.7
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)	1.4	2.5	3.5
Thermal energy capacity of molten salt	1				98%[16]
Molecular spring approximate	1
Battery, sodium sulfur	0.72[17]	1.23	0.89		85%[18]
Battery, lithium-manganese[19][20]	0.83-1.01	1.98-2.09	1.64-2.11
Battery, lithium ion[21][22]	0.46-0.72	0.83-3.6[23]	0.38-2.6		95%[24]
Battery, lithium sulfur[25]	1.80[26]	1.80	3.2
Battery, sodium nickel chloride, High Temperature	0.56
Battery, silver oxide[19]	0.47	1.8	0.85
Flywheel	0.36-0.5[27][28]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet	0.4	3.2	1.3
Battery, nickel metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[29]	0.4	1.55	0.62
Battery, zinc-manganese (alkaline), long life design[19][21]	0.4-0.59	1.15-1.43	0.46-0.84
Liquid nitrogen	0.349
Water, enthalpy of fusion	0.334	0.334	0.112
Battery, zinc bromide flow (ZnBr)[30]	0.27
Battery, nickel metal hydride (NiMH), High Power design as used in cars[31]	0.250	0.493	0.123
Battery, nickel cadmium (NiCd)[21]	0.14	1.08	0.15		80%[24]
Battery, zinc-carbon[21]	0.13	0.331	0.043
Battery, lead acid[21]	0.14	0.36	0.050
Battery, vanadium redox	0.09	0.1188	0.011		70-75%
Battery, vanadium bromide redox	0.18	0.252	0.045		80%–90%[32]
Capacitor, ultracapacitor	0.019597 (max)[33]	0.025568(max)[33]	0.00100
Capacitor, supercapacitor	0.01			80%–98.5%[34]	39%–70%[34]
Rubber strip motor	0.01[35]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage		0.008[36]			>95%
Capacitor	0.002[37]
Neodymium magnet		0.003[38]
Ferrite magnet		0.0003[38]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring	0.0003[39]	0.0006	0.00000018
Storage type	Energy density by mass (MJ/kg)	Energy density by volume (MJ/L)	Specific energy density (Pm·kg/s^4)	Peak recovery efficiency %	Practical recovery efficiency %

Kaynakça

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2. Assumes density of a neutron star
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35. various modelling sources quote ‘4,000 ft-lb/lb'
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