Plateosaurus

Vikipedi:Taksokutu
Plateosaurus

Bilimsel sınıflandırma
Alem: Hayvanlar (Hayvanlar)
Şube: Chordata (Kordalılar)
Sınıf: Reptilia (Sürüngenler)
Üst takım: Dinosauria
Takım: Saurischia
Alt takım: Sauropodomorpha
Familya: Plateosauridae
Cins: Plateosaurus
Tür: * P. engelhardti (von Meyer, 1837)
  • P. gracilis (von Huene, 1907-08)
Sinonimler

*Dimodosaurus Pidancet & Chopard, 1862

  • Gresslyosaurus Rütimeyer, 1856
  • Pachysaurops von Huene, 1961
  • Pachysaurus von Huene, 1907–1908
  • Pachysauriscus Kuhn, 1959
    •
  • Sellosaurus von Huene, 1907–1908

Plateosaurus (muhtemelen "geniş kertenkele" anlamında, sıklıkla yanlış olarak "düz kertenkele" olarak çevrilir), geç Triassic dönemde yaklaşık 214 ile 204 milyon yıl önce şimdiki Avrupa kıtasında yaşamış olan bir plateosaurid dinozor cinsidir. Plateosaurus, sauropodomorph dinozorların atası olarak "prosauropod" olarak da isimlendirilir. 2011 yılına kadar iki türü keşfedildi; P. engelhardti ve P. gracilis. Geçmişte başka türlerde keşfedilmesine rağmen plateosaurid dinozorların tür taksonomisinde geniş bir görüş birliği olmadığından kabul edilmemiştir.

1834 yılında Johann Friedrich Engelhardt tarafından keşfedildi ve 1837 yılında da Hermann von Meyer tarafından halen geçerli dinozor cinsi olan Plateosaurus olarak tanımlandı. Halen bilim dünyasında en iyi bilinen dinozorlar arasındadır. 100 den fazla iskelet fosili bulunmuştur ve bazıları neredeyse eksiksizdir. Swabia, Almanya'da fosillerinin bulunması Schwäbischer Lindwurm (Swabian ejderhası) takma ismini almasına yol açmıştır.

Plateosaurus; iki ayaklı (bipedal), otçul, uzun hareketli bir boynu ve nispeten küçük bir kafası olan, keskin ama dolgun bitki çiğneme dişleri olan, güçlü arka ayakları olan, kısa ama güçlü kolları ve 3 parmaklı büyük pençeli kavrayıcı elleri olan bir dinozordu. Pençelerini savunma ve beslenme amaçlı kullandığı düşünülüyor. Yetişkin bir "Plateosaurus"'un boyunun 4.8-10 metre arasında ve ağırlığının 600–4000 kg arasında olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. En azından 12-20 yıl yaşadıkları tahmin edilmektedir ancak maksimum ömrü bilinmemektedir.

Tasvir

P. engelhardti kafatası
Monte edilmiş iskelet; P. engelhardti

Plateosaurus, Prosauropoda" olarak bilinen bir grup erken otçul dinozor ailesinin üyesidir.[1] Birçok araştırmacı bazal sauropodomorph (sauropodomorph atası) olarak kabul eder.[2][3] Plateosaurus, otçul iki ayaklı dinozorların tipik vücut şekline sahipti; küçük kafatası, 10 servikal (boyun) vertebradan oluşan uzun hareketli bir boyun, tıknaz bir vücut ve hareketli uzun, en az 40 kaudal (kuyruk) vertebradan oluşan bir kuyruk.[4][5][6] Diğer "prosauropodlara" nazaran Plateosaurusun kolları çok kısaydı. Ancak elleri ile kavrama konusunda çok güçlüydü.[5][7] Omuz kuşağı dar idi.(iskelet elemanları ve çizimleri sıklıkla yanlış hizalanır),[5][7][8] Arka bacakları vücudunun altında ve diz ve ayak bileği hafif fleksiyonda bulunuyordu. Ayakları parmaklıydı ve ayaklarının üzerinde yürüyordu.[5][9][10] orantılı olarak uzun bacak ve metatarsusu sayesinde hızlı bir şekilde koşabiliyordu.[5][7][9][10] Kuyruğu tipik dinozor kuyruğu şeklinde güçlü ve yüksek hareket kabiliyetine sahipti.[7]

Galeri

Referanslar

Kaynakça

  1. 1 2 Huene, F. von (1932). "Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte" (German). Monographien zur Geologie und Paläontologie 4: 1–361.
  2. 1 2 Yates, A.M. (2010). "A revision of the problematic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from Manchester, Connecticut and the status of Anchisaurus Marsh". Palaeontology 53 (4): 739–752. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00952.x.
  3. 1 2 Rowe, T.B.; Sues, H.-D.; Reisz, R.R. (2011). "Dispersal and diversity in the earliest North American sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with a description of a new taxon". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278 (1708): 1044–1053. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2010.1867. PMC 3049036. PMID 20926438. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3049036.
  4. 1 2 Jaekel, O. (1911) (German), Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die fossilen und lebenden Formen, Berlin: Borntraeger, http://www.archive.org/stream/diewirbeltieree01jaekgoog#page/n5/mode/2up.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Huene, F. von (1926). "Vollständige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwäbischen Keuper" (German). Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen, Neue Folge 15 (2): 139–179.
  6. 1 2 Moser, M. (2003). open access PDF "Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) aus dem Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) von Bayern" (German with extended English summary). Zitteliana Reihe B, Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie 24: 1–186. OCLC 54854853. http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12711/ open access PDF.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Mallison, H. (2010). "The digital Plateosaurus II: an assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55 (3): 433–458. DOI:10.4202/app.2009.0075. http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20090075.html.
  8. 1 2 Yates, A.M.; Vasconcelos, C.C. (2005). "Furcula-like clavicles in the prosauropod dinosaur Massospondylus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (2): 466–468. DOI:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0466:FCITPD]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4524460.
  9. 1 2 3 Christian, Andreas; Koberg, Dorothee; Preuschoft, Holger (1996). "Shape of the pelvis and posture of the hindlimbs in Plateosaurus". Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 70 (3–4): 591–601. DOI:10.1007/BF02988095.
  10. 1 2 3 Mallison, H. (2010). "The digital Plateosaurus I: body mass, mass distribution and posture assessed using CAD and CAE on a digitally mounted complete skeleton". Palaeontologia Electronica 13.2.8A. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2010_2/198/index.html.
  11. ↑ Agassiz, L. (1844) (Latin), Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens nomina systernatica generum animalium tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis auctoribus, libris in quibus reperiuntur, anno editionis, etymologia et familiis, ad quas pertinent, in sirigulis classibus (1842–1846). Fasciculus VI continens Reptilia., Soloduri: Jent & Gassmann, s. 34, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aYBPAAAAYAAJ&dq=Nomenclator%20Zoologicus%20Agassiz&pg=RA1-PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false.
  12. ↑ Agassiz, L. (1846) (Latin), Nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis, continens nomina systernatica classium, ordinum, familiarurn et generum animalium omnium, tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum unicum disposita, adjectis homonymiis, plantarum, nec non variis adnotationibus et emendationibus., Soloduri: Jent & Gassmann, s. 296, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AuIPAQAAMAAJ&dq=Nomenclatoris%20zoologici%20index%20universalis&pg=PA296#v=onepage&q&f=false.
  13. ↑ Barrett, Paul M. (2000), "Prosauropod dinosaurs and iguanas: Speculations on the diets of extinct reptiles", Sues, H.-D., Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates: Perspectives from the Fossil Record, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, s. 42–78, ISBN 0521-59449-9.
  14. ↑ Blankenhorn, M. (1898). "Saurierfunde im Fränkischen Keuper" (German). Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-medicinischen Societät in Erlangen 29 (1897): 67–91. http://www.archive.org/stream/sitzungsbericht08gergoog#page/n252/mode/2up.
  15. ↑ Bonaparte, J.F. (1971). "Los tetrápodos del sector superior de la Formación Los Colorados, La Rioja, Argentina (Triásico Superior)" (Spanish). Opera Lilloana 22: 1–183.
  16. ↑ Bonnan, Matthew; Senter, Phil (2007), "Were the basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs Plateosaurus and Massospondylus habitual quadrupeds?", Barrett, P.M.; Batten, D.J., Evolution and Palaeobiology of Early Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs (Special Papers in Palaeontology 77), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 139–155, ISBN 978-1-4051-6933-2.
  17. ↑ Christian, Andreas; Preuschoft, Holger (1996). "Deducing the body posture of extinct large vertebrates from the shape of the vertebral column". Palaeontology 39: 801–812.
  18. ↑ Creisler, B. (01). "Plateosaurus: the Etymology and Meaning of a Name". Dinosaur Mailing List, Archive. University of Southern California. 4 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. http://web.archive.org/web/20160304050659/http://dml.cmnh.org/2012Feb/msg00008.html.
  19. ↑ Mallison, Heinrich (2011). "Plateosaurus and taxonomic nitpicking". dinosaurpalaeo.wordpress.com. 15 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. http://web.archive.org/web/20160315091146/https://dinosaurpalaeo.wordpress.com/2011/12/09/plateosaurus-and-taxonomic-nitpicking/.
  20. ↑ Fraas, Eberhard (1912). "Die schwäbischen Dinosaurier" (German). Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 68: lxvi–lxvii.
  21. ↑ Fraas, Eberhard (1913). "Die neuesten Dinosaurierfunde in der schwäbischen Trias" (German). Naturwissenschaften 1 (45): 1097–1100. DOI:10.1007/BF01493265.
  22. ↑ Frappell, P.B.; Hinds, D.S.; Boggs, D.F. (2001). "Scaling of respiratory variables and the breathing pattern in birds: an allometric and phylogenetic approach". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 74 (1): 75–89. DOI:10.1086/319300. PMID 11226016. http://www.seaturtle.org/PDF/Frappell_2001_PhysBioZool.pdf.
  23. ↑ Galton, Peter M. (1976). "Prosauropod dinosaurs (Reptilia: Saurischia) of North America". Postilla 169. http://archive.peabody.yale.edu/scipubs/bulletins_postillas/ypmP169_1976.pdf.
  24. ↑ Galton, Peter M. (1984). "Cranial anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus from the Knollenmergel (Middle Keuper, Upper Triassic) of Germany. I. Two complete skulls from Trossingen/Württ. With comments on the diet". Geologica et Palaeontologica 18: 139–171.
  25. ↑ Galton, Peter M. (1985). "Cranial anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus from the Knollenmergel (Middle Keuper, Upper Triassic) of Germany. II. All the cranial material and details of soft-part anatomy". Geologica et Palaeontologica 19: 119–159.
  26. ↑ Galton, Peter M. (1986). "Prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus (=Gresslyosaurus) (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Upper Triassic of Switzerland". Geologica et Paleontologica 20: 167–183.
  27. ↑ Galton, Peter M. (1990), "Basal Sauropodomorpha-Prosauropoda", Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H., The Dinosauria (1 bas.), Berkeley: University of California Press, s. 320–344, ISBN 0-520-06727-4.
  28. ↑ Galton, Peter M. (2000). "The prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus Meyer, 1837 (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha). I: The syntypes of P. engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Upper Triassic, Germany), with notes on other European prosauropods with "distally straight" femora". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 216 (2): 233–275.
  29. ↑ Galton, Peter M. (2001). "The prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus Meyer, 1837 (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha; Upper Triassic). II. Notes on the referred species". Revue Paléobiologie, Genève 20 (2): 435–502.
  30. ↑ Galton, Peter M.; Upchurch, Paul (2004), "Prosauropoda", Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H., The Dinosauria (2 bas.), Berkeley: University of California Press, s. 232–258, ISBN 978-0-520-25408-4.
  31. ↑ Gatesy, S.M. (1990). "Caudofemoral musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion". Paleobiology 16 (2): 170–186.
  32. ↑ Geinitz, H.B. (1846) (German), Grundriss der Versteinerungskunde, Dresden and Leipzig: Arnoldische Buchhandlung, s. 813, http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10225993_00001.html.
  33. ↑ Huene, F. von (1905). "Über die Trias-Dinosaurier Europas" (German). Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 57: 345–349. http://www.archive.org/stream/zeitschriftderd03unkngoog#page/n992/mode/2up.
  34. ↑ Huene, F. von (1907–1908). "Die Dinosaurier der europäischen Triasformation mit Berücksichtigung der aussereuropäischen Vorkommnisse" (German). Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen, Supplement-Band 1: 1–419. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008900094. Link to full text only available in US
  35. ↑ Huene, F. von (1926). "On several known and unknown reptiles of the order Saurischia from England and France". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 9 17 (101): 473–489. DOI:10.1080/00222932608633437.
  36. ↑ Huene, F. von (1928). "Lebensbild des Saurischier-Vorkommens im obersten Keuper von Trossingen in Württemberg" (German). Palaeobiologica 1: 103–116.
  37. ↑ Hurum, J.H.; Bergan, M.; Müller, R.; Nystuen, J.P.; Klein, N. (2006). "A Late Triassic dinosaur bone, offshore Norway". Norwegian Journal of Geology 86: 117–123. http://www.geologi.no/data/f/0/08/70/8_22301_0/117-123_NGT_print-3.pdf.
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  40. ↑ Jenkins, F.A. Jr.; Shubin, N.H.; Amaral, W.W.; Gatesy, S.M.; Schaff, C.R.; Clemmensen, L.B.; Downs, W.R.; Davidson, A.R.; Bonde, N.; Osbaeck, F. (1994). "Late Triassic continental vertebrates and depositional environments of the Fleming Fjord Formation, Jameson Land, East Greenland". Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience 32: 1–25.
  41. ↑ Klein, N.; Sander, P.M. (2007), "Bone histology and growth of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus engelhardti von Meyer, 1837 from the Norian bonebeds of Trossingen (Germany) and Frick (Switzerland)", Barrett, P.M.; Batten, D.J., Evolution and Palaeobiology of Early Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs (Special Papers in Palaeontology 77), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 169–206, ISBN 978-1-4051-6933-2.
  42. ↑ Leal, L.A.; Azevedo, S.A.K.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Da Rosa, A.A.S. (2004). "A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paraná Basin, Brazil". Zootaxa 690: 1–24.
  43. ↑ Mallison, H. (2011), "Plateosaurus in 3D: How CAD Models and Kinetic–Dynamic Modeling Bring an Extinct Animal to Life", Klein, N.; Remes, K.; Gee, C.; Sander M., Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs: Understanding the life of giants, Life of the Past (series ed. Farlow, J.), Bloomington: Indiana University Press, s. 219–236, ISBN 978-0253355089.
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  45. ↑ Müller-Stoll, H. (1935). "Studie zur biologischen Anatomie der Gattung Plateosaurus" (German). Verhandlungen des Naturhistorisch-Medizinischen Vereins zu Heidelberg 18 (1): 16–30.
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  52. ↑ Sander, M.; Klein, N. (2005). "Developmental plasticity in the life history of a prosauropod dinosaur". Science 310 (5755): 1800–1802. DOI:10.1126/science.1120125. PMID 16357257.
  53. ↑ Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in dinosaurs inferred from scleral ring and orbit morphology". Science 332 (6030): 705–708. DOI:10.1126/science.1200043. PMID 21493820.
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  56. ↑ {{{yayımcı}}}. Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland 2002 [harita]. ISBN 3-00-010197-7.
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