Bizans ordusu
Bizans ordusu |
Etkin |
c. 660–1453[1] |
Görevi |
Balkanlar, Küçük Asya, Orta Doğu, İtalya, Kuzey Afrika, İspanya, Kafkaslar, Kırım |
Parçası |
Bizans İmparatorluğu |
Garnizon/Merkez |
Konstantinopolis |
Savaşları |
I. Justinianos'un savaşları, Arap-Bizans savaşları, Bizans-Bulgar Savaşları, Rus-Bizans Savaşları, Bizans-Norman savaşları, Haçlı Seferleri ve Bizans-Osmanlı savaşları |
Komutanları |
Mevcut komutan |
Bizans İmparatoru (Başkomutan) |
A modern reconstruction, based on illustrations, of Late Byzantine lamellar armour klivanion (Κλιβάνιον) - a predecessor of Ottoman krug mirror armour
Tarih
Diocletianus ve Konstantin idaresinde ordu
I. Justinianos ve ardıllarının ordusu
A 6th century ivory relief of a Roman swordsman wearing scale armor and round shield- Berlin Bode museum.
Orda Bizans dönemi orduları, 7.–11. yüzyıllar
Thema
- Konu hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için Thema maddesine bakınız.
Themata (Yunanca θέματα) imparatorluğun idari bölümleridir, her birinin bir general (Yunanca στρατηγός, strategos) hem idari hem de askeri başıydı, ir Hakim (Κριτής του Θέματος, Krites tou thematos) ise adli gücü elinde tutardı.
İsim |
İnsan sayısı |
Bağlı birlik sayısı |
Komuta subayu |
Thema |
9 600 |
4 Tourmai |
Strategos |
Tourma |
2 400 |
6 Droungoi |
Tourmarches |
Droungos |
400 |
2 Banda |
Droungarios |
Bandon |
200 |
2 Kentarchiai |
Komes |
Kentarchia |
100 |
10 Kontoubernia |
Kentarches/Hekatontarches |
|
50 |
5 Kontoubernia |
Pentekontarches |
Kontoubernion |
10 |
1 "Vanguard" + 1 "Rear Guard" |
Dekarchos |
"Vanguard" |
5 |
n/a |
Pentarches |
"Rear Guard" |
4 |
n/a |
Tetrarches |
İmparatorluk tagmata
Komnenos Hanedanı döneminde ordu
Kurulması ve başarıları
İmparator
II. Yannis Komnenos şanlı generalliği ile nam salmış ve birçok başarılı kuşatmayı yürütmüştür. Onun liderliğinde Bizans ordusu çevre bölgeleri Türklerden geri aldı.
Angelos Hanedanı yönetiminde ihmal
Bizans askeriyesinin çöküşünün analizi
Yapısal zayıflıklar
Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun Başlıca Muharebeleri
Erken Bizans Dönemi
Orta Bizans Dönemi
Geç Bizans Dönemi
Ayrıca bakınız
İleri okumalar
- Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1620-2.
- Blondal, Sigfus (1978). The Varangians of Byzantium. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21745-8.
- Dawson, Timothy, ‘Kremasmata, Kabbadion, Klibanion: Some aspects of middle Byzantine military equipment reconsidered’, in Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 22, (1998) pp. 38 – 50. Web text: http://www.levantia.com.au/military/KKK.html
- Dawson, Timothy, ‘Klivanion revisited: an evolutionary typology and catalogue of middle Byzantine lamellar’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies, 12/13 (2001/2) pp. 11–24.
- Dawson, Timothy, ‘Suntagma Hoplôn: the equipment of regular Byzantine troops, c. 950 – c. 1204’, in David Nicolle (ed), Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour, Boydell & Brewer, London, 2002, pp. 81–90.
- Dawson, Timothy (2010) [2003]. One Thousand Years of lamellar Construction in the Roman World. Levantia. ISBN 0-9580481-6-9.
- Dawson, Timothy (2007). Byzantine Infantryman: Eastern Roman Empire c. 900–1204. Warrior. 118. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-105-2.
- Dawson, Timothy (2007). "Fit for the Task: Equipment Sizes and the Transmission of Military Lore, sixth to tenth centuries". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 31: 1–12. http://www.levantia.com.au/military/Fit_for_the_Task.pdf.
- Elton, Hugh, Warfare in Roman Europe
- Haldon, John, Byzantium at War
- Haldon, John, Byzantine Praetorians
- Harris, Jonathan (2006). Byzantium and The Crusades. Hambledon & London. ISBN 978-1-85285-501-7.
- Kollias, Taxiarchis G. (1988) (German). Byzantinische Waffen: ein Beitrag zur byzantinischen Waffenkunde von den Anfangen bis zur lateinischen Eroberung. Vienna: Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-1471-0.
- Kaegi, Walter Emil (1981). Byzantine Military Unrest, 471–843: An Interpretation. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. ISBN 90-256-0902-3.
- Lazaris, Stavros (2012) (French, English, German). Le cheval dans les sociétés antiques et médiévales. Actes des Journées internationales d'étude (Strasbourg, 6–7 novembre 2009). Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-54440-3. http://www.academia.edu/1784679/Le_cheval_dans_les_sociétés_antiques_et_médiévales._Actes_des_Journées_internationales_détude_Strasbourg_6-7_novembre_2009_.
- Lazaris, Stavros (2010) (French). Art et science vétérinaire à Byzance : Formes et fonctions de l’image hippiatrique. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-53446-6. https://www.academia.edu/793657/Art_et_science_vétérinaire_à_Byzance._Formes_et_fonctions_de_l_image_hippiatrique.
- Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814098-3.
- Moroz, Irina, "The Idea of Holy War in the Orthodox World", Quaestiones medii aevi novae v. 4
- Nicolle, David (1994). Yarmuk 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria. Campaign. 31. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-414-8.
- Nicolle, David (2005). Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-98856-2.
- Rance, Philip (2004). "The Fulcum, the Late Roman and Byzantine Testudo: the Germanization of Roman Infantry Tactics?". Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 44.3: 265–326. http://www.duke.edu/web/classics/grbs/FTexts/44/Rance2.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 12 June 2015.
- Simkins, Michael, The Roman Army from Hadrian to Constantine
- Theotokis, Georgios (2012). "Rus, Varangian and Frankish Mercenaries in the Service of the Byzantine Emperors (9th – 11th c.). Numbers, Organisation and Battle Tactics in the operational theatres of Asia Minor and the Balkans". Byzantine Symmeikta (Athens: Institute for Byzantine Research) (22): 125–156. ISSN 1105-1639. http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/1039/1018.
- Wise, Terence, Armies of the Crusades
Kaynaklar
Genel Kaynaklar
Kaynakça
- ↑ thema, Bizans ordusunun ayırt edici özelliği, yaklaşık 660 yılında oluşturuldu; imparatorluk 1453 yılında fethedildi, cf.Treadgold (1997), p. 108.
Biyografi
- Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180. Brill. ISBN 90-04-11710-5.
- Bishop, M. C.; Coulston, J. C. N. (2006). Roman Military Equipment: From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. Oxbow Books. ISBN 1-8421-7159-3.
- Bury, J. D. (1958) [1926]. History of the Later Roman Empire, from the death of Theodsius I to the death of Justinian I. II. London: Dover Publications.
- D'Amato, Raffaele (2012). Byzantine Imperial Guardsmen 925–1025. ISBN 978-1-84908-850-3.
- Dawson, Timothy (2009). Byzantine Cavalryman: c. 900–1204. Warrior. 139. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-404-6.
- Dennis, George T. (1984). Maurice's Strategikon, Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Haldon, John F. (1999). Warfare, state and society in the Byzantine world, 565–1204. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-494-1.
- Heath, Ian (1995). Byzantine Armies AD 1118–1461. Men-at-arms series. 287. Illustrated by Angus McBride. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781855323476.
- Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
- Maas, Micael (2005). The Cambridge Companion Guide to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge University Press.
- MacDowall, Simon (1994). Late Roman Infantryman AD 236–565. Warrior. 9. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-419-9.
- MacDowall, Simon (1995). Late Roman Cavalryman AD 236–565. Warrior. 15. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-567-5.
- Nicolle, David (1992). Romano–Byzantine Armies: 4th-–9th Centuries. Men-at-Arms. 247. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-224-2.
- Norwich, John Julius (1996). Byzantium: The Early Centuries. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140114492.
- Ostrogorski, Georgije (1969). History of the Byzantine State. Rutgers Byzantine series. 2. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813511986.
- Stephenson, I. P. (2001). Roman Infantry Equipment: The Later Empire. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1908-0.
- Treadgold, Warren T. (1995). Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3163-2.
- Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
- Treadgold, Warren (2002). A Concise History of Byzantium. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-71830-5.
- Whittow, Mark (1996). The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520204973.
Dış bağlantılar
Bizans İmparatorluğu başlıkları |
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Tarih |
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Önceki | | | (330–717) Erken | | | (717–1204) Orta | | | (1204–1453) Geç | |
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Yönetim |
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Merkezi |
| | Erken |
Praetorian prefects · Magister officiorum · Comes sacrarum largitionum · Comes rerum privatarum · Quaestor sacri palatii | | Orta |
Logothetes tu dromu · Sakellarios · Logothetes tou genikou · Logothetes tou stratiotikou · Chartoularios tou sakelliou · Chartoularios tou vestiariou · Epi tou eidikou · Protasekretis · Epi ton deeseon | | Geç |
Megas logothetes · Mesazon |
| | Taşra |
| | Diplomacy |
Anlaşmalar · Diplomatlar |
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Askeriye |
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Ordu |
Erken | | | Orta | | | Geç |
Komnenian army · Pronoia · Vestiaritai · Palaiologan army · Allagion · Paramonai · Grand Domestic |
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Kültür ve toplum |
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Mimarlık |
| | Sanat | | | Economy |
Agriculture · Coinage · Mints · Trade · silk · İpek Yolu · Varangians · Dynatoi | | Literature |
Novel · Acritic songs · Digenes Akritas · Alexander romance · Tarihçiler | | Günlük hayat |
Takvim · Cuisine · Dance · Dress · Flags and insignia · Hipodrom · Music · Octoechos · İnsanlar · Byzantine Greeks · Slavery · Units of measurement · | | Bilim ve Eğitim |
Encyclopaedism · Inventions · Medicine · Philosophy · Neoplatonism · Scholars · Renaissance · University |
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| | Bizans İmparatorluğu Portali |
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